All maps
29 maps in 4 groups. Numbers follow the order the maps were made.
Census and identity
Pakistan by mother tongue156 districts regrouped into ten provinces by the largest mother tongue in each.Pakistan Census 2023, Table 11 (mother tongue) for 156 districts; AJK and GB from their bureau figures.
Kashmir by religionMajority religion in every district of the former princely state, across all three administering countries.Census of India 1941, J&K State Table II (tehsil level), shared out to today’s districts.
Kashmir divided by religionA Muslim majority in 1941 goes to Pakistan, everything else to India. 17 Indian-administered districts would move.Census of India 1941, J&K State Table II, as for map 2.
Conflict
Militant attacks in Pakistan since 2021549 attacks between January 2021 and October 2026 killed 3,345 people.South Asia Terrorism Portal, major incidents (three or more deaths).
Militant attacks in Pakistan, 2000–2006182 attacks killed 1,398 people between 2000 and 2006.SATP major incidents, 2000 to 2006, plus 4 attacks SATP misses, from Wikipedia.
Militant attacks in Pakistan, 2007–20141,322 attacks killed 11,094 people between 2007 and 2014.SATP major incidents, 2007 to 2014, plus 17 attacks SATP misses, from Wikipedia.
Militant attacks in Pakistan, 2015–2020285 attacks killed 2,323 people between 2015 and 2020.SATP major incidents, 2015 to 2020, plus 4 attacks SATP misses, from Wikipedia.
Army operations against militants since 2021413 operations between January 2021 and October 2026 in which ISPR said troops killed 3,253 militants.ISPR statements as carried by APP, with Dawn, Geo and ARY for 2021–22; one source per operation.
Militant attacks in India since 202157 attacks between January 2021 and October 2026 killed 277 people, on the same scale as Pakistan.SATP major incidents for India, plus five checked additions from news reports.
Militant attacks in India, 1989–1999729 attacks killed 6,444 people from the outbreak of the Kashmir insurgency to 1999.UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset 25.1, militant-initiated events, plus 119 attacks from Wikipedia and archived SATP sheets.
Militant attacks in India, 2000–20191,255 attacks killed 8,585 people between March 2000 and 2019.SATP major incidents, March 2000 to 2019, plus 43 checked additions.
Militant attacks on civilians in Afghanistan since 202158 attacks between 15 August 2021 and August 2026 killed 1,006 people.UCDP georeferenced events, plus 6 attacks UCDP misses, from Wikipedia.
Militant attacks on the Taliban since 202184 attacks between 15 August 2021 and August 2026 killed 470 people.UCDP georeferenced events, plus 34 attacks UCDP misses, from Wikipedia.
All militant attacks in Afghanistan since 2021142 attacks between 15 August 2021 and August 2026 killed 1,476 people: maps 17 and 17b on one plate.UCDP georeferenced events, plus 40 attacks UCDP misses, from Wikipedia.
Attacks on Saudi Arabia from abroad since 2015410 missile, drone, rocket and cross-border attacks on named places killed 132 people.Coalition and SPA statements, CSIS Missile Threat and news reports, one source per attack.
Cantonments of Pakistan43 cantonments with their own boards, and 32 army garrisons also called cantonments.Cantonment boards named in Election Commission of Pakistan board elections and the 2026 delimitation, as reported by Dawn, The News and APP.
Cantonments of India61 notified cantonments, 16 of them due to lose their civil areas, and 56 military stations also called cantonments.Directorate General Defence Estates list of cantonments by Army command; excision plans from the Ministry of Defence as reported by The Tribune.
Afghans pushed out of Pakistan, 2023–20262,735,890 Afghans returned or were deported between 15 September 2023 and 3 October 2026; 277,298 were deported.UNHCR-IOM flash updates (monthly totals, deportations, status), UNHCR crossing shares, UN destination survey for 2025.
Partition and history
British India, districts and states, 1941227 districts, 49 princely states and 13 groups of smaller states, as at the 1941 census.geoBoundaries ADM3 sub-districts of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, each assigned to its 1941 unit, then merged.
British India partitioned by religionEvery district, tehsil and state goes to Pakistan if Muslims were a majority in 1941, otherwise to India.1941 census by district; tehsil tables for the Punjab border, thana tables for Bengal and Assam, taluka table for Thar Parkar.
The same partition, with a Sikh stateTehsils where Sikhs were the largest community form a state of about 4.2 million people.The same 1941 data as map 8.
Where Partition’s refugees settled in Pakistan7,226,584 muhajirs counted in 1951, four in five of them from the Indian Punjab, Delhi and Rajputana.Census of Pakistan 1951, Table 19-A, muhajirs by district and zone of origin; Sind’s district totals from a 1955 study.
Where Partition’s refugees settled in India7,295,870 displaced persons counted in 1951: 4.66 million from West Pakistan and 2.55 million from East Pakistan.Census of India 1951, Table D-V(i), displaced persons by district and wing of Pakistan, from every state volume.
Where Afghan refugees lived in Pakistan, 20181.4 million registered refugees by district in 2018, the 54 refugee villages, and 47 years of arrivals and returns.UNHCR district bands (2018), refugee villages and province of origin (2026), PoR card holders by province and refugees by year.
Religion in West Pakistan’s districts, 1941Before Partition: 23% of the people in the districts that became West Pakistan were not Muslim, over a third in central Punjab, Karachi and lower Sind.Census of India 1941, Imperial Table XIII (Community), Punjab, NWFP, Sind and Baluchistan volumes.
Religion in West Pakistan’s districts, 1951After Partition: 3% not Muslim. Hindus remained in Thar Parkar (38%) and Hyderabad (9%); Christians were the largest minority in central Punjab.Census of Pakistan 1951, Census Bulletin No. 2, Population according to religion (Table 6).
Land and resources
Opium poppy in Afghanistan, 1994–2025Poppy fields peaked at 328,000 hectares in 2017; after the Taliban’s 2022 ban they fell to 10,200 hectares in 2025.UNODC Afghanistan Opium Survey province tables for every year from 1994 to 2025.
Dams and hydropower in Pakistan37 hydropower plants (11,612 MW operating, 9,900 MW under construction) and 13 dams with large reservoirs in Pakistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.Hydropower plants of 5 MW or more with capacity, status, river and year; dams with storage and height; rivers by mean flow.
Dams and hydropower in India185 hydropower plants (42,860 MW operating, 15,762 MW under construction) and 19 dams with large reservoirs.Hydropower plants of 25 MW or more with capacity, status, river and year; dams with storage and height; rivers by mean flow.